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What are some of the best DAGs you seen that depict time-varying confounding? Could be from a 'real' worked example, or generic. #EpiSky

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There was interesting work ages ago on time varying health behavior as a confounder of the relationship between social position & CHD. It showed the most important factor was the fall off in exercise as people began to develop symptoms.

I'm thinking in terms of visual depictions. If you include more than one time point and time-invariant confounders things get very messy very quickly.

Here’s one I’m using for my PhD on the effect of opioid dose (TV exposure) on persistent opioid use in survivors of ICU. Pain, sedation, and analgesic adjuncts are all TV confounders, & age/sex/admission diagnosis are time-invariant confounders. Time is baseline (t0), t1… tN.

This is without any unmeasured confounders for quantitative bias analysis. It’s a deep, complex rabbit hole of chaos and spaghetti-looking DAGs!!