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The first one can be machined. The second one can be cast. The others don't actually exist outside of CAD because even the 3D slop printers cannot faithfully produce such as part

I was about to say that almost nothing about this analogy works other than "it's driven by processes humans don't fully understand"

This is maybe 30 years old. It's finite element analysis that removes material at low stress areas. It only became interesting in the 3D printing area. And it's still expensive to print metal. You need post machining too. It's not even quick, I rather design something blocky.

This exists about 25+ years, modelling by finite element analysis. Production was difficult before 3d metal printers.