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During the past few years, evidence of human neuromodulation through Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation (TUS) has been growing. We therefore found it timely to systematically accumulate & meta-analyse the current evidence. 2/5

Key findings: - Online TUS systematically reduces corticospinal excitability as indexed by a reduction of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). This likely indicates that online TUS increases GABAa mediated inhibition. 4/5

- Bidirectional neuromodulatory effects are possible. Changes in sonication parameters of common protocols (e.g., theta-burst or low-intensity TUS) can result in both inhibition and excitation. 5/5

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