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I’ve seen this countless times. You’ll have four people speaking Irish, an English-speaking monoglot enters the room, everyone defaults to English out of politeness. The Irish language loses another communal space.

We have nice game-theoretic models of this. You can change the information structures, e.g. introduce badges indicating willingness to speak minority languages, or payoff structures, e.g. increase the cost of switching, but it’s hard to negotiate and the dominant language almost always wins out

It's exclusionary of bilingual speakers of a minority language not to default to the dominant language in the presence of monoglot speakers. It is *far worse* of speakers of the dominant language to expect them to do so. This is seldom appreciated and the entitlement involved needs to be stigmatised