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Can someone who works in rolling stock explain to me why European subway systems don’t have AC? Is there a hidden cost to converting a line to AC that I’m unfamiliar with?

In the UK, the constricted loading gauge is a real problem. Most particularly on the London Underground.

Constricted loading guage, how to evac the heat out of the tunnels, extra costs on the buy and maintenance side, introduces condensation and water sucks.