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Product ≠ Value It has been a significant improvement in ways of working, going from deterministic, temporal projects (build it and leave it, treating the unknowable as if it were knowable) to emergent, long-lived products (customer-centricity, stable, not static,

The customer doesn't value three separate products. They don't consume one of the products on its own. They value being able to trade effectively, safely and at an acceptable cost, which requires pricing, position management, execution and financial risk management.

The products and services combine to enable that value. This is the Shape of Value. Understanding how products, services and capabilities come together to create value for the consumer and the producer. Making visible the essential dependencies, while minimising the non-essential