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Believe me, I've never excused the S&S method to differentiate Doc from the Shadow. They backed themselves into a corner with the whole "Doc doesn't kill" angle. And pulling out the work of Dr Reynolds as the solution was a very bad reach. OTH, The Shadow would just kill them outright.

I'm not a Shadow superfan either. And I concentrate on the Doc Savage pulps for all my data. I only have a cursory memory of the post-pulp Doc novels. It's been a long time since I read The Sinister Shadow (a post-pulp novel by Will Murray) but I just remember Doc's "college" in that one.